{"id":502,"date":"2017-02-11T05:14:57","date_gmt":"2017-02-11T02:14:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/meleigi.com\/newmeleigi\/?p=502"},"modified":"2021-02-01T16:17:44","modified_gmt":"2021-02-01T21:17:44","slug":"%d8%aa%d8%b4%d8%ae%d9%8a%d8%b5-%d8%a3%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b6-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/meleigi.com\/en_US\/2017\/02\/11\/%d8%aa%d8%b4%d8%ae%d9%8a%d8%b5-%d8%a3%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b6-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a Diagnosis of Plant Diseases"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0649 Plant Disease Diagnosis<br \/><br \/>\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a.<br \/>2- \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629:<br \/>\u0648\u0647\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645 , \u0648\u0647\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u062f , \u062b\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062a\u062f\u064a\u062a \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0633.<br \/>*******************<br \/>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629:<br \/>\u0648\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u062d\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0646\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a:<br \/>1- \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649\u00a0 Pathogenicity test:<br \/>\u0648\u0647\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0648\u062e \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a.<br \/>\u0623- \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 , \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629.<br \/>\u0628- \u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644.<br \/>\u062c- \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649.<br \/>\u062f- \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>2- \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 Hypersensivety reaction:<br \/>\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0631\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 , \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0647\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 , \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a.<br \/>3- \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0649\u00a0 Host rang test:<br \/>\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 Erwinia carotovora \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0630\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 Erwinia amylovora \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<br \/>4- \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 Differential host:<br \/>\u0648\u0647\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f , \u0623\u064a \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0643\u0627 &#8230;. \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 , \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627.<br \/>5- \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0645 Transited by Insect and dodder :<br \/>\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627 , \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a , \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644.<br \/>6- \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 Seeds transition:<br \/>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a &#8230;&#8230; \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627.<br \/>********************<br \/>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a 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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627:<br \/>\u0623- \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628:<br \/>\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0627 :\u00a0 1. \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0646 , \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0649).<br \/>2. \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<br \/>3. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629.<br \/>4. \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c.<br \/>\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u064a :1- \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 Agglutination test<br \/>2- \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062c\u0627\u0631<br \/>\u0628- \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629:<br \/>\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 :1. \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628.<br \/>2. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<br \/>3. \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a.<br \/>4. \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a.<br \/>1- \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0644 ELISA\u00a0 (Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbet Assay) :<br \/>\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 &#8211; \u0648\u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 , \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627.<br \/>* \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629:<br \/>1- \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u0632\u0645 \u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632\u00a0 Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV)<br \/>2-\u00a0 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0630\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u064a\u0631 Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV)<br \/>2- \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0644 ELISA-NCM\u00a0 (ELISA-Nitro Cellulose Membrane)<br \/>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062f\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646, \u0648\u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0627:<br \/>1. Dot blot\u00a0 (DBIA) \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0637 Spotting \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621.<br \/>2. Tissue-Print\u00a0 (TPIA) \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 Printing \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621.<br \/>\u062c- \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0644 Western blot:<br \/>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644 Protein Electrophoresis.<br \/>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0632\u0645 (Bands) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644 , \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 Bands \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 , \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0644 Pattern \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0641\u0631 (Buffers) \u0625\u0644\u064a \u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0632 , \u062b\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 ELISA-NCM.<br \/>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627 , \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641.<br \/>* \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629:<br \/>&#8211; \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627 Deltocephalus vulgaris \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631.<br \/>********************<br \/>\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a Nucleic Acid Techniques:<br \/>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629, \u0648\u0647\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627:\u00a0 1. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<br \/>2. \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 , \u0641\u064a\u0643\u0641\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629.<br \/>3. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<br \/>4. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a.<br \/>\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0646\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<br \/>1- \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0644 PCR\u00a0\u00a0 (Polymerase Chain Reaction)<br \/>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 PCR \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 PCR \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a DNA \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0644 DNA \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0630\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629.<br \/>* \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629:<br \/>1- \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0637\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u0646Ralestonia solanacarium.<br \/>2- \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u062b\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Erwinia amylovora .<br \/>3- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u0646 Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri<br \/>4- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062d\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0637\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631 Tilletia tritici<br \/>5- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0632\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631 Verticillium dahliae \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646.<br \/>6-\u00a0 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0630\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u064a\u0631 Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV)<br \/>7- \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<br \/>2- \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a DNA- Hybridization:<br \/>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0644 PCR \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f Probe \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0644 Dig \u0623\u0648 biotin \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u00a0 X-ray Film \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644 Antibodies \u0644\u0644 Dig.<br \/>* \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629:<br \/>1-\u00a0 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0630\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u064a\u0631 Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV)<br \/>2- \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627 Deltocephalus vulgaris \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631.<br \/>3- \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 RFLP\u00a0\u00a0 (Restricted Fragments Length Polymorphosum):<br \/>\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627 , \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0624\u062e\u0630 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0623\u0644 PCR \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 Restriction enzymes \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644 , \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0644 Bands \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0629.<br \/>4- \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 Southern and Northern Blots:<br \/>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0644 Southern Blot \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 DNA , \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0644 Northern Blots \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 RNA , \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a (DNA &amp;amp; RNA &amp;amp; cDNA \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u0644 (PCR \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 , \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644 (Agarose gel) \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 . \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0636\u0627\u063a\u0637\u0629 , \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0632 . \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 NASH \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0644 Probe \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u064a.<br \/>*********************<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631:<br \/>http:\/\/kenanaonline.com\/Abedata#http:\/\/kenanaonline.com\/users\/Abedata\/posts\/9621<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"160\" height=\"107\" src=\"https:\/\/meleigi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/biocontrol.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1043\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meleigi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/biocontrol.jpg 160w, https:\/\/meleigi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/biocontrol-110x75.jpg 110w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"346\" src=\"https:\/\/meleigi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/8F3738CA-74CF-432A-A544-7A5B0243172E.png\" alt=\"\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\" class=\"wp-image-2320\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meleigi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/8F3738CA-74CF-432A-A544-7A5B0243172E.png 500w, https:\/\/meleigi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/8F3738CA-74CF-432A-A544-7A5B0243172E-300x208.png 300w, https:\/\/meleigi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/8F3738CA-74CF-432A-A544-7A5B0243172E-110x75.png 110w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0649 Plant Disease Diagnosis\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 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