{"id":4486,"date":"2025-06-29T20:38:10","date_gmt":"2025-06-30T00:38:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meleigi.com\/?p=4486"},"modified":"2025-06-29T20:38:12","modified_gmt":"2025-06-30T00:38:12","slug":"fusarium-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%85","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/meleigi.com\/en_US\/2025\/06\/29\/fusarium-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%85\/","title":{"rendered":"Fusarium \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Fusarium species <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

**Fusarium** is a large genus of filamentous fungi encompassing both saprophytic (decomposers) and pathogenic species. Many are significant **plant pathogens**, causing devastating diseases like wilts, rots, blights, and cankers across a vast range of hosts. Some species also produce harmful **mycotoxins** contaminating food and feed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here’s a breakdown of major pathogenic *Fusarium* species and their primary hosts:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.  **Fusarium oxysporum:**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **Key Disease:** Vascular Wilts (Fusarium Wilts)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **Host Specificity:** Extremely high. Comprises numerous **formae speciales (f. sp.)**, each highly specific to one or a few related hosts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **Major Hosts & Formae Speciales:**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Tomato: *F. oxysporum* f. sp. *lycopersici* (Tomato Wilt)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Banana: *F. oxysporum* f. sp. *cubense* (Panama Disease), especially Tropical Race 4 (TR4)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Cotton: *F. oxysporum* f. sp. *vasinfectum* (Cotton Wilt)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Cucurbits (Melon, Watermelon, Cucumber): *F. oxysporum* f. sp. *melonis*, f. sp. *niveum*, f. sp. *cucumerinum* (respectively)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Legumes (Pea, Chickpea): *F. oxysporum* f. sp. *pisi* (Pea Wilt), f. sp. *ciceris* (Chickpea Wilt)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Cabbage\/Florist’s Chrysanthemum: *F. oxysporum* f. sp. *conglutinans* (Cabbage Yellows), f. sp. *chrysanthemi*<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Carnation: *F. oxysporum* f. sp. *dianthi*<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Asparagus: *F. oxysporum* f. sp. *asparagi*<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Date Palm: *F. oxysporum* f. sp. *albedinis*<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   *Also affects:* Basil, Bean, Celery, Cyclamen, Lettuce, Oil Palm, Pepper, Strawberry, Sweet Potato, many ornamentals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.  **Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella zeae):**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **Key Diseases:** Fusarium Head Blight (FHB, Scab) of cereals, Gibberella Ear Rot (GER) of corn (maize), seedling blights, stalk rots.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **Major Hosts:**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Wheat<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Barley<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Corn (Maize)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Oats<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Rye<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Triticale<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Rice (less common)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **Significance:** Produces potent mycotoxins like **Deoxynivalenol (DON\/vomitoxin)**, **Zearalenone (ZEN)**, and **Nivalenol (NIV)**, posing severe risks to human and animal health.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.  **Fusarium verticillioides (Gibberella moniliformis \/ G. fujikuroi var. subglutinans):**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **Key Diseases:** Fusarium Ear Rot (FER) \/ Pink Ear Rot of corn (maize), stalk rots. Can also cause seedling diseases and rot in other crops.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **Major Host:**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   **Corn (Maize)** – Extremely common, often symptomless endophyte but causes significant rot under stress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **Other Hosts:** Sorghum, Rice, Sugarcane, Asparagus, Figs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **Significance:** Major producer of **Fumonisins (FUM)**, highly toxic mycotoxins linked to esophageal cancer and neural tube defects in animals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.  **Fusarium proliferatum (Gibberella intermedia):**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **Key Diseases:** Ear rot (similar to *F. verticillioides*), stalk rot, kernel rot, root rot. Affects a wide range of plants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **Major Hosts:**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Corn (Maize)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Rice<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Asparagus (Crown & Root Rot)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Onion (Basal Rot)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Garlic<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Dates<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Pineapple<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Mango<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Orchids & other ornamentals<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **Significance:** Produces **Fumonisins (FUM)**, **Moniliformin (MON)**, and **Beauvericin (BEA)**.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.  **Fusarium culmorum:**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **Key Diseases:** Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) of cereals, seedling blight, foot\/crown rot. Very similar symptoms to *F. graminearum* but often more prevalent in cooler, wetter regions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **Major Hosts:**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Wheat<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Barley<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Oats<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Rye<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Corn (Maize) – crown\/root rot<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **Significance:** Produces **Deoxynivalenol (DON)**, **Nivalenol (NIV)**, and **Zearalenone (ZEN)**.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6.  **Fusarium solani Species Complex (FSSC):**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **Key Diseases:** Root rots, stem cankers, fruit rots, tuber rots. Includes both plant pathogens and opportunistic human pathogens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **Host Specificity:** Less specific than *F. oxysporum*, but some clades show preferences. Comprises many phylogenetic species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **Major Hosts:**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   **Legumes:** Soybean (Sudden Death Syndrome – *F. virguliforme*), Bean (Root Rot), Pea (Root Rot).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   **Potato:** Dry Rot (*F. solani* var. *coeruleum* is a major cause).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   **Cucurbits:** Fruit Rots (especially post-harvest).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   **Conifers:** Seedling damping-off.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   **Many ornamentals:** Root and stem rots (e.g., *Fusarium* Wilt of *Cyclamen* caused by FSSC).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   **Humans & Animals:** Opportunistic infections (keratitis, onychomycosis, disseminated infections in immunocompromised).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.  **Fusarium fujikuroi (Gibberella fujikuroi):**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **Key Disease:** Bakanae Disease (“Foolish Seedling”).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **Major Host:**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   **Rice** – Primary host.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **Significance:** Causes excessive elongation, sterility, and death. Produces **Gibberellins** (plant hormones causing elongation) and mycotoxins like **Fumonisins (FUM)** and **Beauvericin (BEA)**.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.  **Fusarium pseudograminearum (Crown Rot – Cereals):**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **Key Disease:** Crown Rot (also causes head blight).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **Major Hosts:**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Wheat<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Barley<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   Triticale<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **Significance:** Major problem in semi-arid, warmer wheat-growing regions. Produces **Deoxynivalenol (DON)** and **Nivalenol (NIV)**.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

**Important Considerations:**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*   **Species Complexes:** Many “species” like *F. oxysporum*, *F. solani*, and the *F. fujikuroi* species complex (*F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, F. fujikuroi* etc.) are actually complexes of many cryptic, genetically distinct species requiring molecular identification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*   **Host Range Variation:** While formae speciales are highly specific, other species (like *F. solani*, *F. proliferatum*, *F. equiseti*) have broader host ranges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*   **Endophytes:** Some *Fusarium* species (notably *F. verticillioides* in corn) can live asymptomatically within plants as endophytes, becoming pathogenic under stress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*   **Saprophytes:** Many *Fusarium* species are primarily soil saprophytes decomposing organic matter but can become opportunistic pathogens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*   **Mycotoxins:** The ability to produce specific mycotoxins varies significantly between species and even strains within species. Mycotoxin contamination is a major food safety concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This list highlights the most economically significant pathogens, but *Fusarium* encompasses hundreds of species interacting with virtually all major crop plants and many wild plants worldwide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here’s the Arabic translation of the detailed information about **Fusarium** species and their hosts:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

—<\/p>\n\n\n\n

**\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633): \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Fusarium)**  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0644\u0629) \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 **\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629** \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644. \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 **\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Mycotoxins)** \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0641.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

**\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.  **\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a (Fusarium oxysporum):**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a:** \u0630\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a:** \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 **\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 (formae speciales – f. sp.)**\u060c \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629:**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0637\u0645: *F. oxysporum* f. sp. *lycopersici* (\u0630\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0637\u0645).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632: *F. oxysporum* f. sp. *cubense* (\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0646\u0645\u0627)\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 4 (TR4).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0646: *F. oxysporum* f. sp. *vasinfectum* (\u0630\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0646).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631): *F. oxysporum* f. sp. *melonis*\u060c f. sp. *niveum*\u060c f. sp. *cucumerinum* (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0635): *F. oxysporum* f. sp. *pisi* (\u0630\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0621)\u060c f. sp. *ciceris* (\u0630\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0635).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0641\/\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u064a: *F. oxysporum* f. sp. *conglutinans* (\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0641)\u060c f. sp. *chrysanthemi*.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u0641\u0644: *F. oxysporum* f. sp. *dianthi*.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646: *F. oxysporum* f. sp. *asparagi*.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644: *F. oxysporum* f. sp. *albedinis*.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   *\u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u064a\u0628:* \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0641\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u060c \u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0641\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0637\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.  **\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0645 (Fusarium graminearum – Gibberella zeae):**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:** \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 (FHB) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0631\u0629 (GER)\u060c \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u062d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u062c\u0646 (Triticale).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0632 (\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629:** \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 **\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u06a4\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0644 (DON\/\u0641\u0648\u0645\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0646)**\u060c **\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0646 (ZEN)**\u060c \u0648**\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0644 (NIV)**\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.  **\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u06a4\u064a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0633 (Fusarium verticillioides – Gibberella moniliformis):**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:** \u062a\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0623\u0630\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 (FER) \/ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0630\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a:**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   **\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629)** – \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0643\u0641\u0637\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a (endophyte) \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0641\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649:** \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0632\u060c \u0642\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629:** \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0640**\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a (FUM)**\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0621 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.  **\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0645 (Fusarium proliferatum – Gibberella intermedia):**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:** \u062a\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0646 (\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0640 *F. verticillioides*)\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631. \u064a\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0632.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 (\u062a\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0644 (\u062a\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0633.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0648.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629:** \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c **\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a (FUM)**\u060c **\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0646 (MON)**\u060c \u0648**\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u06a4\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646 (BEA)**.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.  **\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645 (Fusarium culmorum):**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:** \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 (FHB) \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c. \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0640*F. graminearum* \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u062d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 (\u062a\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\/\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629:** \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c **\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u06a4\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0644 (DON)**\u060c **\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0644 (NIV)**\u060c \u0648**\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0646 (ZEN)**.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6.  **\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a (Fusarium solani Species Complex – FSSC):**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:** \u062a\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a:** \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 *F. oxysporum*\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 (clades) \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 (phylogenetic species).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   **\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a:** \u0641\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0627 (\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 – *F. virguliforme*)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 (\u062a\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0621 (\u062a\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   **\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0637\u0633:** \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641 (\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 *F. solani* var. *coeruleum*).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   **\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a:** \u062a\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 (\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u062f).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   **\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629:** \u0645\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 (damping-off).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   **\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0629:** \u062a\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0630\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647 FSSC).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   **\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646:** \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.  **\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u064a (Fusarium fujikuroi – Gibberella fujikuroi):**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a:** \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064a (“\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0634\u0629” – Bakanae Disease).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a:**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   **\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0632** – \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629:** \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0642\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062a. \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c **\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a (Gibberellins)** (\u0647\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629) \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 **\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a (FUM)** \u0648**\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u06a4\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646 (BEA)**.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.  **\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0645 (Fusarium pseudograminearum):**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a:** \u062a\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c (\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u062d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *   \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u062c\u0646 (Triticale).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    *   **\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629:** \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0641\u0623 \u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u062d. \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c **\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u06a4\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0644 (DON)** \u0648**\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0644 (NIV)**.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

**\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629:**<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*   **\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 (Species Complexes):** \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639” \u0645\u062b\u0644 *F. oxysporum*\u060c \u0648*F. solani*\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 *F. fujikuroi* (*F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, F. fujikuroi* \u0625\u0644\u062e) \u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*   **\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644:** \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 (f. sp.) \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 *F. solani*\u060c *F. proliferatum*\u060c *F. equiseti*) \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*   **\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Endophytes):** \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 (\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 *F. verticillioides* \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629) \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0643\u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*   **\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Saprophytes):** \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*   **\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Mycotoxins):** \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

—<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Fusarium species  **Fusarium** is a large genus of filamentous fungi encompassing both saprophytic (decomposers) and pathogenic species. Many are significant **plant pathogens**, causing devastating diseases like wilts, rots, blights, and cankers across a vast range of hosts. Some species also produce harmful **mycotoxins** contaminating food and feed. Here’s a breakdown of major pathogenic *Fusarium* species …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":4495,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,6,16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4486","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-20","category-ipd","category-16"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/meleigi.com\/en_US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4486","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/meleigi.com\/en_US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/meleigi.com\/en_US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/meleigi.com\/en_US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/meleigi.com\/en_US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4486"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/meleigi.com\/en_US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4486\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4496,"href":"https:\/\/meleigi.com\/en_US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4486\/revisions\/4496"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/meleigi.com\/en_US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4495"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/meleigi.com\/en_US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4486"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/meleigi.com\/en_US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4486"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/meleigi.com\/en_US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4486"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}